Spain is a global pioneer in utilizing existing public infrastructure to create networks of free, accessible climate refuges.
The summer of 2025 was the warmest in Spanish history, resulting in over 15,000 heat-related deaths and highlighting the urgent need for cooling strategies.
Barcelona's refuge network increased dramatically from 70 locations in 2020 to nearly 400 by 2025, significantly improving urban thermal accessibility.
The Spanish model is now being studied and adapted by international cities in France, the United Kingdom, Argentina, and Brazil to improve urban resilience.