West African cybercrime academies, known as 'hustle kingdoms,' recruit young men aged 16-32 using promises of financial success.
Control in these academies is maintained not only by physical means but largely through social isolation and psychological threats.
Spiritual intimidation through 'juju' is used as a powerful coercive tool to prevent trainees from leaving the organizations.
Legal experts advocate for a more nuanced judicial approach that recognizes the continuum between voluntary offender and victim.